Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.
Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Dermatologic ClinicsReferences
- The effect of solvents on the ultraviolet absorbance of sunscreens.J Soc Cosmetic Chemists. 1987;
- Sunlight and skin cancer: Inhibition of p53 mutations in UV-irradiated mouse skin by sunscreens.Nat Med. 1997; 3: 510-514
- UVB induces atypical melanocytic lesions and melanoma in human skin.Am J Pathol. 1998; 152: 1179-1186
- Sunscreen use, wearing clothes, and number of nevi in 6- to 7-year-old European children.J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 90: 1873-1880
- Sunbathers' application of sunscreen is probably inadequate to obtain the sun protection factor assigned to the preparation.Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1992; 9: 242-244
- The sunscreen and melanoma controversy.Arch Dermatol. 1999; : 1526-1527
- Photoproective effect of superoxide-scavenging antioxidants against ultraviolet radiation-induced chronic skin damage in the hairless mouse.Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1990; 7: 56-62
- Photocarcinogenesis: An overview.Photochem Photobiol. 1997; 40: 29-47
- The effects of chronic sunscreen use on the histologic changes of dermatoheliosis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33: 941-946
- Sunlight and sunburn in human skin cancer: p53, apoptosis, and tumor promotion.J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 1996; 1: 136-142
- An Update. National Academy Press, Washington, DC1982
- Persistent pigment-darkening response as a method for evaluation of ultraviolet A protection assays.in: Lowe N.J. Shaath N.A. Pathak M.A. Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation, and Regulatory Aspects. Marcel Dekker, New York1997: 559-581
- Topical vitamin C protects porcine skin from ultraviolet radiation-induced damage.Br J Dermatol. 1992; 127: 247-253
- Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants.Acta Derm Venereol. 1996; 76: 264-268
- Photostability assessment of sunscreens: Benzylidene camphor and dibenzoylmethane derivatives.Int J Cosmetic Sci. 1988; : 53-62
- The Role of UVA in the aetiology of non-melanoma skin cancer.Cancer Surv. 1996; 26: 173-191
- Analysis of the risk of skin cancer from sunlight and solaria in subjects living in northern Europe.Photo-Dermatology. 1987; 4: 118-126
- Tables of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation for use in epidemiological studies of malignant melanoma and other disease.in: Gallagher R.P. Elwood J.M. Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston1994: 81-105
- Clinical climatology.Photo-Dermatology. 1984; 1: 30-37
- Sunscreening agent intolerance: Contact and photocontact sensitization and contact urticaria.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990; 22: 1068-1078
- Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E).J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998; 38: 45-48
- Fed Reg. 1999; 64: 27666-27693
- Evaluation of customers' complaints about sunscreen cosmetics sold by the Swedish pharmaceutical company.Contact Dermatitis. 1991; 25: 319-322
- Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light.N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1419-1429
- The frequency of reactions to sunscreens: Results of a longitudinal population-based study on the regular use of sunscreens in Australia.Br J Dermatol. 1993; 128: 512-518
- Photostable suncare products: Major progress in sun protection.in: Altmeyer P. Hoffman K. Stucker M. Skin Cancer and UV Radiation. Springer, Berlin1997: 314-319
- Results of evaluation of 203 patients for photosensitivity in a 7.3-year period.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33: 597-602
- Wavelength dependence of pyrimidine dimer formation in DNA of human skin irradiated in situ with ultraviolet light.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989; 86: 5605-5609
- Sunscreen protection against UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA of human skin in situ.Photo-Dermatology. 1988; 5: 243-247
- Modulation of UV-light-induced skin inflammation by D-α-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid: A clinical study using solar simulated radiation.Free Rad Biol Med. 1998; 25: 1006-1012
- UV-induced photoproducts of para-aminobenzoid acid.Photo-Dermatology. 1985; 2: 151-157
- Sunscreens, Skin Photobiology and Skin Cancer: The Need for UVA Protection and Evaluation of Efficacy.Environ Health Perspect. 2000; 108: 71-78
- A review of sunscreen safety and efficacy.Photochem Photobiol. 1998; 68: 243-256
- Topical or oral administration with an extract of Polypodium leucotomos prevents acute sunburn and psoraleninduced phototoxic reactions as well as depletion of Langerhans cells in human skin.Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1997; 13: 50-60
- Evidence that sunscreens prevent UV radiation-induced immunosuppression in humans.Arch Dermatol. 1995; 131: 1201-1204
- Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: A randomised controlled trial.Lancet. 1999; 354: 723-729
- Epidermal trans-urocanic acid and the UV-A-induced photoaging of the skin.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998; 95: 10576-10578
- Ultraviolet-radiation and skin cancer: Effect of an ozone layer depletion.Photochem Photobiol. 1990; 51: 579-582
- The sensitising effect of a sunscreening agent, p-aminobenzoic acid, on near UV induced damage in a repair deficient strain of Escherichia coli..Photochem Photobiol. 1977; 26: 493-498
- The photoprotective potential of the new superpotent sunscreens.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990; 22: 449-452
- The antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine increases the content of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione and prevents UV-induction of matrix metalloproteinases in human skin in vivo [abstr].J Invest Derm. 1999; 112: 658
- Photoprotective effect of vitamins A and E on polyamine and oxygenated free radical metabolism in hairless mouse epidermis.Biochimie. 1999; 70: 1709-1713
- Formulating sunscreen products.in: Lowe N.J. Shaath N.A. Pathak M.A. Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation, and Regulatory Aspects. Marcel Dekker, New York1990: 235-266
- Potential carcinogenic impacts of stratospheric ozone depletion.Environmental Carcinogen Reviews (J Environ Sci Health). 1989; 7: 53-74
- Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice.Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 1999; 12: 247-256
- A flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, affords exceptionally high protection against tumor promotion in the SENCAR mouse skin tumorigenesis model.Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 622-632
- Cumulative effects from repeated exposures to suberythemal doses of UVB and UVA in human skin.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 32: 53-62
- Quantitative assessment of cumulative damage from repetitive exposures to suberythemogenic doses of UVA in human skin.Photochem Photobiol. 1995; 62: 348-352
- Protective effect of selenium and zinc on UV-A damage in human skin fibroblasts.Photochem Photobiol. 1993; 58: 548-553
- Zinc protects against ultraviolet A1-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in cultured human fibroblasts.Biol Trace Elem Res. 1999; 69: 177-190
- Contact and photocontact allergy to oxybenzone.Contact Dermatitis. 1992; 26: 177-181
- Sunscreens for photoprotection.Dermatol Ther. 1997; 4: 59-71
- Sunscreen protection against ultraviolet radiation-induced pyrimidine dimers in mouse epidermal DNA.Photochem Photobiol. 1997; 65: 1007-1011
- The health impact of solar radiation and prevention strategies: Report of the Environment Council, American Academy of Dermatology.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999; 41: 81-99
- Topical application of α-tocopherol modulates the antioxidant network and diminishes ultraviolet-induced oxidative damage in murine skin.Br J Dermatol. 1998; 138: 207-215
- Ultraviolet A claims and testing procedures for OTC sunscreens: A summary and review.in: Lowe N.J. Shaath N.A. Pathak M.A. Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation, and Regulatory Aspects. Marcel Dekker, New York1997: 499-512
- Prevention of photodamage with sunprotection and sunscreens.in: Gilchrest B.A. Photodamage. Blackwell Science, Cambridge1995: 201-220
- Low doses of repetitive ultraviolet a induce morphologic changes in human skin.J Invest Dermatol. 1995; 105: 739-743
- Ultraviolet protection from sun avoidance.Dermatol Ther. 1997; 4: 72-78
- Summer in Australia: Skin cancer and the great SPF debate.Arch Dermatol. 1995; 131: 462-464
- Increased summertime UV radiation in New Zealand in response to ozone loss.Science. 1999; 285: 1709-1711
- Protection against UV photocarcinogenesis by fabric materials.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994; 31: 711-716
- Microfine zinc oxide (Z-Cote) as a photostable UVA/UVB sunblock agent.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999; 40: 85-90
- Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone.Nature. 1974; 249: 810-812
- Photoprotection of human skin by topical vitamin C.Clin Res. 1992; 40: 143A
- Vitamin C abrogates the deleterious effects of UVB radiation on cutaneous immunity by a mechanism that does not depend on TNF-α.J Invest Dermatol. 1997; 109: 20-24
- The case for sunscreens: A review of their use in preventing actinic damage and neoplasia.Arch Dermatol. 1997; 133: 1146-1154
- Induction of cancer, actinic keratosis, and specific p53 mutations by UVB light in human skin maintained in severe combined immunodeficient mice.Cancer Res. 1999; 57: 2081-2084
- Skin cancer in Australian heart transplant recipients.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999; 40: 27-34
- Zinc and DNA fragmentation in keratinocyte apoptosis: its inhibitory effect in UVB irradiated cells.J Photochem Photobiol. 1997; 37: 101-106
- Responses of skin to visible and ultraviolet radiation.in: Goldsmith L.A. Biochemistry and Physiology of the Skin. Oxford University Press, New York1983: 713-733
- Microfine zinc oxide (Z-Cote) is a superior sunscreen ingredient to microfine titanium dioxide.Dermatol Surg. 2000; 26: 309-314
- Pharmacokinetics of topical l-ascorbic acid in skin.J Invest Dermatol. 2000; 114: 884
- Alpha-lipoate: Antioxidant properties and effects on skin.in: Fuchs J. Packer L. Zimmer G. Lipoic Acid in Health and Disease. Marcel Dekker, New York1997: 163-180
- Solar radiation, lip protection, and lip cancer risk in Los Angeles County women (California, United States).Cancer Causes Control. 1996; 7: 458-463
- Protection by zinc against UVA- and UVB-induced cellular and genomic damage in vivo and in vitro.Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996; 53: 19-25
- Dietary zinc, photoimmunosuppression and metallothionein (MT).in: Klaassen C. Metallothionein IV. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel1999: 445-449
- Effect of zinc supplementation on resistance of cultured human skin fibroblasts toward oxidant stress.Biol Trace Elem Res. 1993; 37: 187-199
- Photostability of cosmetic ingredients on the skin.Cosmetics and Toiletries. 1997; 112: 65-72
- Effects of altitude and latitude on ambient UVB radiation.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999; 40: 114-116
- Role of UVA in the pathogenesis of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer—a short review.Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1999; 15: 212-216
- Photostability testing of avobenzone.Cosmetics and Toiletries. 1999; 114: 85-91
- Contact and photocontact sensitivity to sunscreens: Review of a 15-year experience and of the literature.Contact Dermatitis. 1997; 37: 221-232
- Mexoryl SX: A broad absorption UVA filter protects human skin from the effects of repeated suberythemal doses of UVA.J Photochem Photobiol B Biol. 1998; 44: 69-76
- Spectral regions contributing to melanoma: A personal view.J Investi Dermatol Symp Proc. 1999; : 46-49
- The chemistry of sunscreens.Cosmetics and Toiletries. 1986; 101: 55-70
- Encyclopedia of UV absorbers for sunscreen products.Cosmetics and Toiletries. 1987; 102: 21-39
- On the theory of ultraviolet absorption by sunscreen chemicals.Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemistry. 1987; 82: 193
- Photodegredation of sunscreen chemicals: Solvent considerations.Cosmetics and Toiletries. 1990; 105: 41-44
- Photoaddition of p-aminobenzoic acid to thymine and thymidine.Photochem Photobiol. 1992; 55: 657-663
- Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin.J Invest Dermatol. 1994; 102: 122-124
- Antioxidant defense mechanisms in murine epidermis and dermis and their responses to ultraviolet light.J Invest Dermatol. 1993; 100: 260-265
- Ultraviolet exposure in the outdoor environment: Measurements of ambient ultraviolet exposure levels at large zenith angles.in: Grandolfo M. Rindi A. Sliney D.H. Light, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation: A Health Risk Assessment. Plenum Press, New York1990: 169-180
- New developments in sun-protective clothing.Skin Cancer Foundation Journal. 1996; 14: 36-40
- Deleterious effects of ultraviolet A radiation in human cells.Muta Res. 1997; 383: 1-8
- Sunscreen encyclopedia regulatory update.Cosmetics and Toiletries. 1996; 111: 77-86
- Nimbus 7 satellite measurements of the springtime Antarctic ozone decrease.Nature. 1986; 322: 808-811
- UVB susceptibility: Possible relationship to photoaging and photocarcinogenesis.in: Gilchrest B.A. Photodamage. Blackwell Science, Cambridge1995: 68-80
- P-Aminobenzoic acid can sensitize the formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA: Direct chemical evidence.Photochem Photobiol. 1984; 40: 391-394
- Changes in ultraviolet absorption of sunscreens after ultraviolet irradiation.J Invest Dermatol. 1999; 113: 547-553
- Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use.N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 1147-1151
- Determination of sun protection values of three test products under indoor and outdoor test conditions using Japanese volunteers.Journal of the Japanese Cosmetic Science Society. 1988; 12: 139-144
- Sunscreen sensitization: A three-year study.Dermatology. 1994; 189: 55-57
- UVA (320-380 nm) radiation as an oxidative stress.in: Sies H. Oxidative Stress, Oxidants and Antioxidants. Academic Press, San Diego1991: 57-83
- Oxidant, antioxidant status and photocarcinogenesis: The role of gene activation.Photochem Photobiol. 1996; 63: 380-386
- Ultraviolet A transmission by modern sunscreens: Is there a real risk?.Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1992; 9: 237-241
- Evaluation of seven sunscreens on hairless mouse skin.Arch Dermatol. 1981; 117: 547-550
- The hairless mouse as a model for evaluating sunscreens: Prevention of ultraviolet B inhibition of epidermal DNA synthesis.Arch Dermatol. 1980; 116: 419-421
- Oxidative damage to nucleic acids photosensitized by titanium dioxide.Free Rad Biol Med. 1997; 23: 851-858
- Physiological doses of ultraviolet irradiation induce DNA strand breaks in cultured human melanocytes, as detected by means of an immunochemical assay.Photochem Photobiol. 1997; 66: 828-830
- Singlet oxygen is an early intermediate in cytokine-dependent ultraviolet-A induction of interstitial collagenase in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro.FEBS Lett. 1997; 413: 239-242
- Anti-tumor-promoting activity of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from grape seeds in the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and identification of procyanidin B5-3′-gallate as the most effective antioxidant constituent.Carcinogenesis. 1999; 20: 1737-1745
Article info
Footnotes
Address reprint requests to: Sheldon R. Pinnell, MD, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3135, Room 4044 Duke South, Durham, NC 27710