Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.
Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Dermatologic ClinicsAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- The melanocyte lineage in development and disease.Development. 2015; 142: 620-632
- Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation.Nature. 2007; 445: 843-850
- Evolution of late-stage metastatic melanoma is dominated by aneuploidy and whole genome doubling.Nat Commun. 2021; 12: 1434
- Melanoma of the Skin - Cancer Stat Facts. SEER.(Available at:) (Accessed March 8, 2021)
- Survival rates of patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.J Med Life. 2014; 7: 572-576
- Surgical Management of Melanoma.in: Ward W.H. Farma J.M. Cutaneous melanoma: etiology and therapy. Codon Publications, 2017 (Available at:) (Accessed February 28, 2022)
- Contemporary surgical treatment of advanced-stage melanoma.Arch Surg. 2004; 139 (; discussion 966-967): 961-966
- A new understanding in the epidemiology of melanoma.Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2010; 10: 1811-1823
- Prevention and early detection strategies for melanoma and skin cancer. Current status.Arch Dermatol. 1996; 132: 436-443
- Oxidatively-generated damage to DNA and proteins mediated by photosensitized UVA.Free Radic Biol Med. 2017; 107: 101-109
- Transmission of human epidermis and stratum corneum as a function of thickness in the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths.Photochem Photobiol. 1984; 40: 485-494
- Cutaneous melanoma: From pathogenesis to therapy (Review).Int J Oncol. 2018; 52: 1071-1080
- Racial disparities in melanoma survival.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016; 75: 983-991
- Racial Disparities in Patients with Melanoma: A Multivariate Survival Analysis.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2021; 14: 547-550
- Survival for patients with invasive cutaneous melanoma among ethnic groups: the effects of socioeconomic status and treatment.J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26: 66-75
- Acral Lentiginous Melanoma.in: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, 2022 (Available at:) (Accessed February 26, 2022)
- Racial differences in six major subtypes of melanoma: descriptive epidemiology.BMC Cancer. 2016; 16: 691
- Acral lentiginous melanoma: Basic facts, biological characteristics and research perspectives of an understudied disease.Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2021; 34: 59-71
- Acral Lentiginous Melanoma: Incidence and Survival Patterns in the United States, 1986-2005.Arch Dermatol. 2009; 145
- Doses of solar ultraviolet radiation correlate with skin cancer rates in Japan.Kobe J Med Sci. 1996; 42: 375-388
- Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries.CA: A Cancer J Clinicians. 2021; 71: 209-249
- Latitude gradients in melanoma incidence and mortality in the non-Maori population of New Zealand.Cancer Causes Control. 1994; 5: 234-240
- Development of the Australian Cancer Atlas: spatial modelling, visualisation, and reporting of estimates.Int J Health Geogr. 2019; 18: 21
- Melanoma Incidence and Mortality, United States–2012–2016 | CDC.(Available at:) (Accessed November 30, 2020)
- Emerging trends in the epidemiology of melanoma.Br J Dermatol. 2014; 170: 11-19
- The global burden of skin cancer: A longitudinal analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990-2017.JAAD Int. 2021; 2: 98-108
- Recent trends in incidence of cutaneous melanoma among U.S. Caucasian young adults.J Invest Dermatol. 2008; 128: 2905-2908
- Use of Tanning Beds and Incidence of Skin Cancer.J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30: 1588-1593
- Melanoma Survival Disadvantage in Young, Non-Hispanic White Males Compared With Females.JAMA Dermatol. 2013; 149: 912-920
- Risk factors for melanoma by body site.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005; 14: 1241-1244
- Primary Locations of Malignant Melanoma Lesions Depending on Patients’ Gender and Age.Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017; 18: 3081-3086
- The anatomic distribution of melanoma and relationships with childhood nevus distribution in Colorado.Melanoma Res. 2009; 19: 252-259
- Sex differences in the anatomical distribution of melanocytic nevi in Canadian Hutterite children.J Cutan Med Surg. 2000; 4: 58-62
- Body site-specific genetic effects influence naevus count distribution in women.Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2020; 33: 326-333
- Superficial spreading and nodular melanoma are distinct biological entities: a challenge to the linear progression model.Melanoma Res. 2012; 22: 1-8
- Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma.Arch Surg. 1992; 127: 392-399
- Nodular melanoma. No longer as simple as ABC.Aust Fam Physician. 2003; 32: 706-709
- The contribution of nodular subtype to melanoma mortality in the United States, 1978 to 2007.Arch Dermatol. 2012; 148: 30-36
- Lentiginous melanoma (lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma) in Australia: clinicopathological characteristics, management and recurrence rates after 10-year follow-up at a tertiary centre.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021; 35: 1315-1322
- Clinical characteristics.6th edition. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, 2003 (Available at:) (Accessed January 17, 2021)
- Melanotic freckle of Hutchinson.Cancer. 1968; 21: 893-911
- Clinical Presentation and Staging of Melanoma.in: Ward W.H. Farma J.M. Cutaneous melanoma: etiology and therapy. Codon Publications, 2017 (Available at:) (Accessed January 17, 2021)
- Nevus-associated melanoma: facts and controversies.G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2020; 155: 65-75
- Outcome of patients with de novo versus nevus-associated melanoma.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 72: 54-58
- The transformation rate of moles (melanocytic nevi) into cutaneous melanoma: a population-based estimate.Arch Dermatol. 2003; 139: 282-288
- De Novo vs Nevus-Associated Melanomas: Differences in Associations With Prognostic Indicators and Survival.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016; 108https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djw121
- AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. Springer International Publishing, New York2017
- Melanoma pathology reporting and staging.Mod Pathol. 2020; 33: 15-24
- Melanoma Staging: Evidence-Based Changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer Eighth Edition Cancer Staging Manual.CA Cancer J Clin. 2017; 67: 472-492
- Update on eighth edition American Joint Committee on Cancer classification for cutaneous melanoma and overview of potential pitfalls in histological examination of staging parameters.J Clin Pathol. 2019; 72: 265-270
- The prognostic significance of ulceration of cutaneous melanoma.Cancer. 1980; 45: 3012-3017
- Impact of Ulceration in Stages I to III Cutaneous Melanoma As Staged by the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System: An Analysis of the German Central Malignant Melanoma Registry.JCO. 2004; 22: 4376-4383
- Mitotic rate is a more reliable unfavorable prognosticator than ulceration for early cutaneous melanoma: A 5-year survival analysis.Oncol Rep. 2014; 32: 2735-2743
- Prognostic significance of mitotic rate in localized primary cutaneous melanoma: an analysis of patients in the multi-institutional American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging database.J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29: 2199-2205
- Occult metastasis.Biomed Pharmacother. 2001; 55: 229-242
- The prognostic significance of microsatellites in cutaneous melanoma.Mod Pathol. 2020; 33: 1369-1379
- In-transit melanoma metastases: incidence, prognosis, and the role of lymphadenectomy.Ann Surg Oncol. 2015; 22: 475-481
- Circulating Serologic and Molecular Biomarkers in Malignant Melanoma.Mayo Clin Proc. 2011; 86: 981-990
- Prolonged survival of 2 years or longer for patients with disseminated melanoma. An analysis of related prognostic factors.Cancer. 1997; 79: 2345-2353
- Prognostic factors in 1,521 melanoma patients with distant metastases.J Am Coll Surg. 1995; 181: 193-201
Gupta S, Tsao H. Epidemiology of Melanoma. In: ; 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-35153-7_31.
- Guidelines of care for the management of primary cutaneous melanoma.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019; 80: 208-250
- Update and Review on the Surgical Management of Primary Cutaneous Melanoma.Healthcare (Basel). 2014; 2: 234-249
- Cutaneous Melanoma, Version 2.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2019; 17: 367-402
- Clinical Guidelines For The Staging, Diagnosis, and Management Of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma.in: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, 2022 (Available at:) (Accessed March 7, 2022)
- Accuracy of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy after previous wide local excision in patients with primary melanoma.Cancer. 2006; 107: 2647-2652
- Complete lymph node dissection for regional nodal metastasis.Clin Plast Surg. 2010; 37: 113-125
- Complete lymph node dissection versus no dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node biopsy positive melanoma (DeCOG-SLT): a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial.Lancet Oncol. 2016; 17: 757-767
- Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer.Nature. 2002; 417: 949-954
- Frequency of mutations associated with targeted therapy in malignant melanoma patients.JCO. 2011; 29: 8597
- BRAF in malignant melanoma progression and metastasis: potentials and challenges.Am J Cancer Res. 2020; 10: 1103-1114
- BRAF-V600E expression in primary nodular melanoma is associated with aggressive tumour features and reduced survival.Br J Cancer. 2016; 114: 801-808
- Which melanoma patient carries a BRAF-mutation? A comparison of predictive models.Oncotarget. 2016; 7: 36130-36137
- Safety and efficacy of vemurafenib in BRAFV600E and BRAFV600K mutation-positive melanoma (BRIM-3): extended follow-up of a phase 3, randomised, open-label study.Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15: 323-332
- Dacarbazine-based chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: thirty-year experience overview.J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2000; 19: 21-34
- Improved Survival with Vemurafenib in Melanoma with BRAF V600E Mutation.New Engl J Med. 2011; 364: 2507-2516
- RAF inhibitor resistance is mediated by dimerization of aberrantly spliced BRAF(V600E).Nature. 2011; 480: 387-390
- Mechanisms of resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors and clinical update of US Food and Drug Administration-approved targeted therapy in advanced melanoma.Onco Targets Ther. 2018; 11: 7095-7107
- Melanomas acquire resistance to B-RAF(V600E) inhibition by RTK or N-RAS upregulation.Nature. 2010; 468: 973-977
- Atezolizumab, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib as first-line treatment for unresectable advanced BRAFV600 mutation-positive melanoma (IMspire150): primary analysis of the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.Lancet. 2020; 395: 1835-1844
- Encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma (COLUMBUS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial.Lancet Oncol. 2018; 19: 603-615
- Improved overall survival in melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib.N Engl J Med. 2015; 372: 30-39
- Overall Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma.N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: 1345-1356
- Combined Vemurafenib and Cobimetinib in BRAF-Mutated Melanoma.New Engl J Med. 2014; 371: 1867-1876
- High-throughput sequencing of the melanoma genome.Exp Dermatol. 2013; 22: 10-17
- Combination dabrafenib and trametinib in the management of advanced melanoma with BRAFV600 mutations.Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016; 17: 1031-1038
- BRAF targeted therapy changes the treatment paradigm in melanoma.Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011; 8: 426-433
- Whole-genome landscapes of major melanoma subtypes.Nature. 2017; 545: 175-180
- NRAS mutant melanoma: biological behavior and future strategies for therapeutic management.Oncogene. 2013; 32: 3009-3018
- Frequency of UV-Inducible NRAS Mutations in Melanomas of Patients With Germline CDKN2A Mutations.JNCI: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003; 95: 790-798
- Targeting T Cell Co-receptors for Cancer Therapy.Immunity. 2016; 44: 1069-1078
- Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade.Science. 1996; 271: 1734-1736
- T-cell regulation by CD28 and CTLA-4.Nat Rev Immunol. 2001; 1: 220-228
- Five-year survival rates for treatment-naive patients with advanced melanoma who received ipilimumab plus dacarbazine in a phase III trial.J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33: 1191-1196
- The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy.Nat Rev Cancer. 2012; 12: 252-264
- Tumor cells versus host immune cells: whose PD-L1 contributes to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade mediated cancer immunotherapy?.Cell Biosci. 2018; 8: 34
- Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer.N Engl J Med. 2012; 366: 2443-2454
- Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation.N Engl J Med. 2015; 372: 320-330
- A New Combination Immunotherapy in Advanced Melanoma.New Engl J Med. 2022; 386: 91-92
- Targeted Therapy in Melanoma and Mechanisms of Resistance.Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21: 4576
- LAG-3 in Cancer Immunotherapy.Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2011; 344: 269-278
- Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3): the Next Immune Checkpoint Receptor.Semin Immunol. 2019; 42: 101305
- Relatlimab and Nivolumab versus Nivolumab in Untreated Advanced Melanoma.N Engl J Med. 2022; 386: 24-34
- Electronic address: clinicalguidelines@esmo.org. Cutaneous melanoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.Ann Oncol. 2019; 30: 1884-1901
- NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, Melanoma: Cutaneous.NCCN.org. 2022; 2: 2022
- Systemic Therapy for Melanoma: ASCO Guideline.JCO. 2020; 38: 3947-3970
- A Global Review of Melanoma Follow-up Guidelines.J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2013; 6: 18-26
- Analysis of prognostic factors for melanoma patients.Acta Med Litu. 2017; 24: 25-34
- Dabrafenib and trametinib versus dabrafenib and placebo for Val600 BRAF-mutant melanoma: a multicentre, double-blind, phase 3 randomised controlled trial.Lancet. 2015; 386: 444-451
- Survival in BRAF V600-mutant advanced melanoma treated with vemurafenib.N Engl J Med. 2012; 366: 707-714
- Dabrafenib in patients with Val600Glu or Val600Lys BRAF-mutant melanoma metastatic to the brain (BREAK-MB): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial.Lancet Oncol. 2012; 13: 1087-1095
- Improved Survival with Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma.N Engl J Med. 2010; 363: 711-723
- Efficacy of Larotrectinib in TRK Fusion–Positive Cancers in Adults and Children.New Engl J Med. 2018; 378: 731-739
- Entrectinib in patients with advanced or metastatic NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours: integrated analysis of three phase 1-2 trials.Lancet Oncol. 2020; 21: 271-282
- Binimetinib versus dacarbazine in patients with advanced NRAS-mutant melanoma (NEMO): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial.Lancet Oncol. 2017; 18: 435-445
- Melanoma: from mutations to medicine.Genes Dev. 2012; 26: 1131-1155
- LAG3’s Enigmatic Mechanism of Action.Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 615317
Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 27, 2022
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.